Essay On Artificial Intelligence Regulation - 1541 Words

Orion Humphrey Katherine Pack ENGL 1101 22 October 2017 Artificial Intelligence Regulation Artificial intelligence, or AI, is not necessarily a new concept but hasn’t been remotely possible up until a few years ago. It’s recently been a hot topic among the tech community, religious folk, and really, the rest of the world. While in its infancy, AI has the potential to be dangerous and needs to be regulated. Artificial intelligence is something that’s taboo to a lot of people. They wonder whether it’s ethical or right to create life out of nothing. If you’re religious, you might think that God should be the only one to bring life into this world. This is a very small scenario compared to the grand scheme of things that have to do with AI.†¦show more content†¦According to a study by Ball State University, â€Å"An estimated 5 million U.S. factory jobs have evaporated since 2000 and most of those (88%) were lost to increased productivity due to automation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Darrow) This is just due to automation and if you incorporate machine learning artificial intelligence, it will take over even more jobs. â€Å"†¦a recent report by consultancy PricewaterhouseCoopers estimates that 38% of U.S. jobs have a ‘high risk’ of being wiped out by automation by 2030.† (Darrow) At the rate technology is increasing and quantum computers just waiting to be released for public use, it’s very probable that a lot of people will lose their jobs. Quantum computers are at this time already 100 million times faster than regular ones (Nield)and there will be no human on earth that can compete with that. An example of this is Goldman Sachs who at the turn of the century were using 600 traders to buy and sell stocks. As of February, 2017, they were down to two, while everyone else had been replaced with automated computer systems. (Byrnes) While some are not so severe, situations like this can destabilize the entire economy. A U.K. research firm states, †Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦nearly 45 percent of the revenue from cash equities trading comes from electronic trades†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Byrnes) When it’s useless to have people making the trades and only to maintain the machines that do them, it will be a race to get the fastest and smartest computer toShow MoreRelatedCyber Crime Id Theft And Credit Fraud1411 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology, and also expect technologies to continue their concrescence to new more powerful appliances with new features. 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Business Ethics of Google in China Free Essays

string(84) " expanded into many other countries and now hosts over 150 country website domains\." â€Å"The Great Firewall† Prepared by Kristina Wilson, Yaneli Ramos, and Daniel Harvey under the supervision of Professor Wayne Norman (edited by Professor Chris MacDonald) In early 2006, search-engine giant Google struck a deal with the People’s Republic of China and launched Google. cn, a version of its search engine run by the company from within China. Launching Google. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics of Google in China or any similar topic only for you Order Now cn required Google to operate as an official Internet Service Provider (ISP) in China, a country whose Communist government requires all ISPs to selfcensor, removing content that is considered illegal from search results. From a financial perspective, China represented for Google a dynamic and fast-growing, though increasingly competitive, market. Google’s decision to self-censor Google. cn attracted significant ethical criticism at the time. The company’s motto is â€Å"Don’t Be Evil,† and prior to entering China, Google had successfully set itself apart from other technology giants, becoming a company trusted by millions of users to protect and store their personal information.The choice to accept self-censorship, and the discussion and debate generated by this choice, forced Google to re-examine itself as a company and forced the international community to reconsider the implications of censorship. This case was prepared as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either the effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution – Noncommercial – No Derivative Works 3. 0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3. /. You may reproduce this work for non-commercial use if you use the entire document and attribute the source: The Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University. Case Studies in Ethics dukeethics. org â€Å"While removing search results is inconsistent with Google’s mission, providing no information (or a heavily degraded user experience that amounts to no information) is more inconsistent with our mission. † – Google senior policy counsel Andrew McLaughlin. †1 Introduction In early 2006, search-engine giant Google struck a deal with the People’s Republic of China and launched Google. n, a version of its search engine run by the company from within China. Launching Google. cn required Google to operate as an of? cial Internet Service Provider (ISP) in China, a country whose Communist government requires all ISPs to self-censor, removing content that is considered illegal from search results. Such censored content ranges from political subjects such as â€Å"democracy† and â€Å"Tibet,† to religious subjects such as â€Å"Falun Gong† (a spiritual movement banned by the government) and â€Å"the Dalai Lama,† to social subjects like â€Å"pornography. By choosing to launch Google. cn, Google seemed to be implying that its mission and values could be consistent with selfcensorship in China. From a ? nancial perspective, China represented for Google a dynamic and fast-growing, though increasingly competitive, market. With over 105 million users online in early 2006, China’s Internet market was the second in size only to that of the United States, but it still represented only about 8% of the Chinese population. Though Google’s U. S. -based site, Google. om, had been available in China since the site’s inception in 1999, service was slow and unreliable due to extensive Chinese government censoring of international content. Google’s major U. S. competitors, Yahoo! and Microsoft MSN, had each entered the Chinese market as ISPs years earlier, agreeing to self-censor. In addition, escalating competition from Chinese search engine Baidu. com was quickly eroding Google. com’s Chinese market share: between 2002 and 2007, Baidu. com’s market share increased from a mere 3%2 to a dominant 58%. Google’s decision to self-censor Google. cn attracted signi? cant ethical criticism at the time. The company’s motto is â€Å"Don’t Be Evil,† and prior to entering China, Google had successfully set itself apart from other technology giants, becoming a company trusted by millions of users to protect and store their personal information. However, in early 2006, Google found itself in front of the Committee on International Relations of the U. S. House of Representatives, defending its actions in China side by side with Microsoft, Yahoo! , and Cisco Systems.Google’s choice to accept self-censorship, and the discussion and debate generated by this choice, forced Google to reexamine itself as a company and forced the international community to reconsider the implications of censorship. Google and its Mission History and Services4 Google is the world’s largest search engine. Founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two Stanford graduate students, Google began as a college research project. While at Stanford, the founders created an innovative technology that would analyze webpages and retrieve the most pertinent information for any given search query. 2 3 4 Oliver, C Shinal, J. â€Å"Google will censor new China service†. MarketWatch. (January 25, 2006). Thopmpson, C. â€Å"Google’s China Problem (And China’s Google Problem)†. The New York Times Magazine (April 23, 2006): LexisNexis. Duke University Library. 6 Nov. 2007. Liu, J. â€Å"Baidu and Google at logger heads in China; Business Asia by Bloomberg†. International Herald Tribune (July 26, 2007): LexisNexis Duke University Library. 6 Nov. 2007. â€Å"Milestones†. Available from www. google. com. Accessed on November 4, 2007. Case Studies in Ethics 2 ukeethics. org Their innovation caught the attention of their classmates, and of others who knew them, and later on of a few investors. After they generated suf? cient capital from investors, family, and friends who saw potential in their idea, they opened their ? rst of? ce in a garage in Menlo Park, California. This of? ce had a washer and dryer and a hot tub that was emblematic of what today continues to be Google’s laid-back corporate culture. Now the company has moved into the â€Å"Googleplex,† a much larger of? ce in Mountain View, California. As the company grew, so did its range of products and services. Today, not only is Google a search engine, but it is also a mapping service, a translator, an e-mail account, and a blog-hosting service, among many other services. In fact, Google now has over 40 products and features on its website which extend beyond its basic search engine, with many more in development. The company has also expanded into many other countries and now hosts over 150 country website domains. You read "Business Ethics of Google in China" in category "Papers" It is continually growing and expanding and has a solid position as the world’s #1 search engine.It was also named the best company to work for in 2007 by Fortune magazine. Corporate Culture5 Even though their company has expanded considerably, Larry Page and Sergey Brin have apparently managed to maintain some of the same personal, small-company feel that they started off with. Likewise, despite the company’s move into the Googleplex, it still seems to have kept a corporate culture that re? ects its modest beginnings. Employees do not work in cubicles; instead they work in an open space where dogs and large rubber exercise balls are free to roam.They have a health-conscious company chef and host bi-weekly rollerblade hockey games in the parking lot. The founders host weekly â€Å"TGIF† meetings and promote a laid-back culture. The purpose of this is to create an ideal setting for innovative ideas to ? ow freely. The informal atmosphere makes this possible. Google’s internal structure is a standard corporate hierarchy, yet personnel try not to let hierarchy dominate their personal encounters. Everyone performs tasks outside of their specialty and position whenever needed.Core Values and Mission6 Google’s mission statement asserts that â€Å"Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. †7 The core message under the company’s code of conduct is that â€Å"being a Googler means holding yourself to the highest possible standard of ethical business conduct. †8 The company wants to be able to save its users time and frustration by making the information that the user is looking for readily available, without having to sift through tons of useless information.Not only does Google want to provide fast and ef? cient service, but the company also wants to make its information available for everyone who has access to the internet; they want their product to be â€Å"universally accessible. † Also, the company claims not to want to make ethical sacri? ces just in order to incre ase value for shareholders. The company has made it a priority not to sell high placement in search results to anyone and to show only non-? ashy ads that are relevant to the user’s search query. 5 6 7 8 â€Å"The Google Culture†.Available from www. google. com. Accessed on Nov. 4, 2007. â€Å"Our Philosophy†. Available from www. google. com. Accessed on Nov. 4, 2007. â€Å"Company Overview†. Available from www. google. com. Accessed on Nov. 4, 2007. â€Å"Google Code of Conduct†. Available from www. google. com. Accessed on Nov. 4, 2007. Case Studies in Ethics 3 dukeethics. org China, Censorship, and the Golden Shield Project History China has been playing a game of catch-up in recent years, attempting to modernize and become a larger player in the global market.As it attempted, and eventually succeeded in, entering the World Trade Organization, China was forced to open its markets to foreign companies, granting â€Å"unprecedented access to the Chinese market. †9 During this period of increased foreign access, companies within China started demanding more advanced telecommunications, as well as modern infrastructure. The Chinese government agreed that modernization was necessary, and so quickly began to ? nance this modernization, making the nation one of â€Å"the world’s largest consumers of telecommunications equipment. 10 However, China’s acquisition of more modern forms of information technology leads not only to increased trade and communication ? ow out of the country, but into the country as well. The ? ow of information into the country is what concerns China’s Ministry of Public Service (hereafter referred to as MPS), whose responsibility statement says: The responsibilities of public security agencies in China include: the prevention, suppression and investigation of criminal activities; ? ght against terrorist activities; maintenance of social security and order; ? ght against behaviors jeopardizing social order . . security and inspection of public information networks. 11 These responsibilities include policing the expression of certain ideas and the acquisiti on of sensitive information. As Collings notes, In February 1996, all private subscribers to Chinanet, the main Internet service provider, run by the state telecommunications monopoly, were required to register with the Public Security Bureau, provide the government with detailed personal information about themselves, and sign a pledge not to â€Å"read, copy or disseminate information that threatens state security. . . . In addition to the state-run Chinanet, all Internet service providers were required to take steps to ? lter out anything deemed harmful. 12 As part of their effort to keep up with the more advanced information networks being put in place, â€Å"Chinese authorities are keen to acquire new technologies that will serve to increase their surveillance capabilities. †13 As the new millennium began, the MPS started to implement these new technologies in its censorship activities, using them to restrict access to ideas and information that are outlawed in China.The Golden Shield Project In early 2000, the MPS introduced its new system, the Golden Shield project, which aimed to use state-of-the-art technology as a means of more effectively policing the Chinese people. Although this technology is used to monitor everything from video to voice to Internet traf? c, controlling the ? ow of information over the Internet is the focus of this case. 9 Foreign Policy in Focus. http://www. fpif. org/briefs/vol4/v4n38china. html. Walton, G. (2001). China’s Golden Shield: Corporations and the Development of Surveillance Technology in the People’s Republic of China.Canada: Rights and Democracy. Online: http://www. dd-rd. ca/site/_PDF/publications/globalization/CGS_ENG. PDF 11 Chinese Government’s Of? cial Web Portal. http://www. gov. cn/english/2005-10/02/content_74192. htm. 12 Collings, A. Words of Fire. (New York: New York University Press, 2001). 187. 13 Walton, G. (2001). China’s Golden Shield: Corporations and the Development of Surveillance Technology in the People’s Republic of China. Canada: Rights and Democracy. 10 Case Studies in Ethics 4 dukeethics. org To control the information ? owing over the Internet, the MPS has installed, not ? ewalls exactly,14 but a content? ltering system that works similarly to parental control systems that can block out speci? c material. A story in The New York Times Magazine describes the system this way: There are three main ? ber-optic pipelines in China, giant underground cables that provide Internet access for the public and connect China to the rest of the Internet outside its borders. The Chinese government requires the private-sector companies that run these ? ber-optic networks to specially con? gure â€Å"router† switches at the edge of the network, where signals cross into foreign countries.These routers – some of which are made by Cisco Systems, an American ? rm – serve as China’s new censors. 15 Once the â€Å"? rewall† checks to see if the sites being searched are blacklisted or not, it next utilizes a â€Å"censorship system that uses a keyword blacklist and routers that reach deep into Internet traf? c to ? nd forbidden words or phrases†16 on the sites being searched. This, combined with the fact that those in China know that all of their Internet activities are being monitored, instills fear of imprisonment and limits the in? ux of information that the Chinese government ? ds objectionable. 17 However, the system still only blocks out information coming from outside the country. Peer-to-peer and internal servers are able to avoid the ? lters. Controversy has arisen because the Chinese government’s system fails to prevent access to all content they deem inappropriate. To tighten the net further, and prevent Chinese Internet users from accessing prohibited subject matter available on servers within the country, China has asked providers of Internet services with local out? ts to remove contentious material and to censor their own customers.Additionally, â€Å"[f]or companies inside its borders, the government uses a broad array of penalties and threats to keep content clean. †18 This is required of textmessaging services, search engines, and blogging sites and provides the ultimate way for the Chinese government to block content within the country without having to create more dif? cult-to-implement censorship systems. 19 Backing up all of these censorship mechanisms is the constant threat of imprisonment or other hostile reaction to violations of the censorship laws.This fear keeps both Internet users and se rvice providers vigilant in censoring their own actions within China. In some cases, Internet users even get very pointed reminders that their government is exercising control over their Web-sur? ng habits. Consider the following of? cial announcement: Starting today, when netizens visit all the main portals of Shenzhen city, Guangdong, they will see two cartoon ? gures â€Å"Junghing† and â€Å"Chacha† (Jing Cha = Police). The image of Shenzhen Internet Police will of? cially be online.From now on, when netizens visit websites and web forums of Shenzhen, they will see these two cartoon police images ? oating on their screen20 (see Appendix III). 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Einhorn, B. â€Å"The Great Firewall of China†. BusinessWeek. (September 23, 2002): LexisNexis. Duke University Library. 3 Nov. 2007. Thompson, C. â€Å"Google’s China Problem (And China’s Google Problem)†. The New York Times Magazine. (April 23, 2006). â€Å"Toppling the Great Firewall of China. † eWeek. (September 12, 2007): NA. Academic OneFile. Gale. Duke University Library – Perkins. 3 Nov. 2007.Ibid. Thompson, C. â€Å"Google’s China Problem (And China’s Google Problem)†. The New York Times Magazine. (April 23, 2006). Einhorn, B Elgin, B. â€Å"THE GREAT FIREWALL OF CHINA; How a vast security network and compliant multinationals keep the mainland’s Net under Beijing’s thumb†. BusinessWeek. (January. 23, 2006): LexisNexis. Duke University Library. 3 Nov. 2007. Qiang, X. â€Å"Image of Internet police: JingJing and Chacha online – Hong Yan ( )†. chinadigitaltimes. net. (January 22, 2006). Case Studies in Ethics 5 dukeethics. org Google’s Decision to Launch Google. n The Internet Market in China According to Google’s 2006 projections, the Chinese internet market was expected to grow from 105 million users to 250 million users by 2010. Moreover, in early 2006 there were already 350 million mobile phones in use in China and that number was projected to grow by about 57 million annually. 21 Before choosing to launch Google. cn, Google was already a player in this Chinese market. Since the site’s inception in 1999, U. S. -based Google. com had been available to Chinese users as it had been to users worldwide.Unlike its major U. S. competitors, though, Google did not rush to set up a China-based version of its search engine, and thus to acquiesce to government censorship regulations, as had Yahoo! in 1999, when it established Yahoo! China,22 and Microsoft in 2005, with its establishment of MSN China. 23 Unlike its competitors, Google chose instead to create a version of its search engine capable of understanding character-based languages like Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, which it would run out of its California headquarters. With this U. S. based version of Google. com, the company was able to control an estimated 25% of the Chinese search market by 2002 and to avoid Chinese government censorship completely. 24 By the year 2002, Google. com’s Chinese user base mainly consisted of white collar, pro-Western Chinese businesspeople. 25 However, in the fall of 2002, problems struck. Suddenly, in early September, computer users in China could not access Google. com. The Chinese government had blocked access to the site, and users were instead diverted to rival Chinese search sites. 6 Two weeks later, it again became possible to access Google. com, but government censorship had been heightened, making the search engine far slower and less reliable. 27 Much speculation exists as to why China suddenly chose to shut down and then to stringently censor Google. com. Google Co-founder Sergey Brin and many technology professionals in China believe it was the result of an effort by a Chinese competitor, like the then-new search engine Baidu. com, to gain market share at Google’s expense through pulling strings in the government. 8 The stoppage could also have been due to heightened Internet security in anticipation of a November 2002 shift in political leadership. 29 Whatever the cause, Google was left offering users in China a slow and less-than-satisfactory version of Google. com. Moreover, Baidu. com, now Google’s chief rival in China, began to grow, blossoming from a 3% market share player in 200230 to a 63. 7% market share player in fall 2006, catering in large part to young users looking to download MP3 ? les. 31 Concurrently, Google dropped its market share from 25% in 2002 to 19. % in 2006. 32 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Schrage, E. , Vice President, Global Communications and Public Affairs, Google Inc. , â€Å"Testimony of Google Inc. before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Paci? c, and the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations. † (February 15, 2006). Amnesty International. â€Å"Undermining Freedom of Expression in China: The role of Yahoo! , Microsoft, and Google†. (July 2006). Kerner, S. M. â€Å"MSN China Opens its Doors†. InternetNews. com. (May 27, 2005). Thompson, C. Google’s China Problem (And China’s Google Problem)†. The New York Times Magazine. (April 23, 2006). Ibid The New York Times. â€Å"Beijing Blocks Access to Google†. NYT Late Edition, East Coast. (September 4, 2002). Kahn, J. â€Å"China Seems to Re? ne Bid to Restrict Web Access. † The New York Times. (September 14, 2002). Thompson, C. Kahn, J. â€Å"China Seems to Re? ne Bid to Restrict Web Access. † The New York Times. (September 14, 2002). Thompson, C. â€Å"Google’s China Problem (And China’s Google Problem). † The New York Times Magazine (April 23, 2006): LexisNexis. Duke University Library. 6 Nov. 2007. Thompson, C. Fong, Mei. â€Å"Google Builds China ties; Software ? rm deal is part of a move into other services. † The Wall Street Journal. (January 5, 2007). Case Studies in Ethics 6 dukeethics. org Making the Decision to Expand into China Given the commercial potential of the expanding Chinese market and Google’s decrease in Chinese market share between 2002 and 2006, it was imperative for Google to make decisions about whether to escalate operations in China at the price of having to self-censor.To begin the discussion, Google had to make the business opportunity clear. The case was put this way, in February 2006, by Elliot Schrage, Vice President, Global Communications and Public Affairs, Google Inc. : There is no question that, as a matter of business, we want to be active in China. It is a huge, rapidly growing, and enormously important market, and our key competitors are already there. It would be disingenuous to say that we don’t care about that because, of course, we do. We are a business with stockholders, and we want to prosper and grow in a highly competitive world. 3 However, since expanding into China would require Google to self-censor its content on behalf of the communist Chinese government, clearly more was at stake in this decision than potential commercial gain. Co-founder Sergey Brin was born in the Soviet Union and said that â€Å"having felt that kind of oppression, I would never have wanted to compromise in that direction. †34 In order to analyze the potential options, Google developed an analytical framework based on its corporate mission.In the words of Vice President Elliot Schrage: Google’s objective is to make the world’s information accessible to everyone, everywhere, all the time. It is a mission that expresses two fundamental commitments: (a) First, our business commitment to satisfy the interests of users, and by doing so to build a leading company in a highly competitive industry; and (b) Second, our policy conviction that expanding access to information to anyone who wants it will make our world a better, more informed, and freer place. Some governments impose restrictions that make our mission dif? ult to achieve, and this is what we have encountered in China. In such a situation, we have to add to the balance a third fundamental commitment: (c) Be responsive to local conditions35 To understand Google’s decision, it is important to examine the nexus of user interests, the expansion of access to information, and unique local conditions in China. In terms of satisfying user interests, Google prides itself on providing a high-quality user experience. After the Chinese government’s 2002 Internet censorship crackdown, the Google. om experience for a user in China was no longer of high quality. Google. com generated search results extremely slowly because, regardless of the terms searched, each search had to pass through the elaborate â€Å"Great Firewall of China† censoring system. As a site hosted outside of China, and not within the Great Firewall itself, Google. com took a particularly long time to load search results, as compared to search engines hosted in-country like Baidu. com or Yahoo! China. Moreover, 33 34 35 Schrage, E. , Vice President, Global Communications and Public Affairs, Google Inc. â€Å"Testimony of Google Inc. before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Paci? c, and the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations. † (February 15, 2006). Brin, Sergey, quoted by Hannah Clark. â€Å"The Google Guys in Davos. † Forbes. com. (January 1, 2007). Schrage, E. , Vice President, Global Communications and Public Affairs, Google Inc. , â€Å"Testimony of Google Inc. before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Paci? c, and the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations. † (February 15, 2006). Bold text included by Mr. Schrage.Case Studies in Ethics 7 dukeethics. org Chinese users found that Google. com was down over 10% of the time; Google News was never available; and Google Images was available only 50% of the time. 36 Another important concern related to user interests is the importance of user privacy. In early 2006, just as Google was planning to launch Google. cn, it became known that Yahoo! China had turned over private user e-mail data to the Chinese government and that this had led to the ten-year, eight-year, and four-year prison sentences of Chinese cyberdissidents Shi Tao, Li Zhi, and Jiang Lijun.In addition, Microsoft had recently shut down the blog of famous Chinese political blogger Michael Anti (a penname for Zhao Jing) at the request of the Chinese government. 37 Clearly any decision made by Google to enter China would have to take into account concerns about user privacy and government surveillance. In terms of expanding access to information, it was Google’s position that due to the poor quality of Google. com for users in China after 2002, Google was in fact not providing the population of China with good access to information. As Google, Inc. Senior Policy Council Andrew McLaughlin put it: Filtering our search results clearly compromises our mission. Failing to offer Google search at all to a ? fth of the world’s population, however, does so far more severely. Whether our critics agree with our decision or not, due to the severe quality problems faced by users trying to access Google. com from within China, this is precisely the choice we believed we faced. 38 Finally, in terms of local conditions, it was important for Google to determine to what extent self-censoring would affect the company’s search results.For users of Google. com in China, searches for censored subject matter, ranging from political subjects like â€Å"democracy† and â€Å"Tibet† to religious subjects like â€Å"Falun Gong† and â€Å"Dalai Lama† to social subjects like â€Å"pornography†, would generate the same list of links as would be generated for a user based in the United States. However, if the user in China tried to open any censored links, either the user’s browser would shut down or the user would be re-directed to a non-censored site.As noted earlier, the â€Å"Great Firewall of China† censorship system is complex and depends largely on intimidation and fear tactics to elicit vigorous self-censorship on both the corporate and the individual level. No of? cial list of banned terms exists. Before laun ching Google. cn, the company estimated that fewer than 2% of all search queries in China would result in pages that would have to be censored. 39 In early 2006, a study by the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School shed light on the extent and effectiveness of China’s censorship initiatives.According to the Center’s study, the Chinese state was able to block 90% of websites about the â€Å"Tiananmen massacre,† 31% of sites about independence movements in Tibet, and 82% of sites with a derogatory version of the name of former President Jiang Zemin. 40 This study serves to show that as of 2006, Chinese censorship was effective, though not total, and that information was available, though on a limited scale. 36 37 38 39 40 McLaughlin, A. Senior Policy Counsel, Google Inc. , â€Å"Google in China. † The Of? cial Google Blog. (January 27, 2006). Kristof, N. D. â€Å"China’s Cyberdissidents and the Yahoos at Yahoo†.The New York Times. (February 19, 2006) Kristof, N. D. â€Å"China’s Cyberdissidents and the Yahoos at Yahoo†. The New York Times. (February 19, 2006) Schrage, E. , Vice President, Global Communications and Public Affairs, Google Inc. , â€Å"Testimony of Google Inc. before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Paci? c, and the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations. † (February 15, 2006). Bold text included by Mr. Schrage. Kristof, N. D. â€Å"China’s Cyberdissidents and the Yahoos at Yahoo†. The New York Times. (February 19, 2006) Case Studies in Ethics 8 ukeethics. org Google’s Expansion into China After taking into account user interests, the expansion of access to information, and unique local conditions, Google decided to launch the self-censored Google. cn in January of 2006. In a move toward transparency that distinguishes it from competitors like Baidu. com, Yahoo! , and MSN, Google. cn provides users with a brief message indicating if any pages have been censored from their search results. The message does not inform users what speci? c pages have been censored; it simply lets them know that censorship has occurred. The Washington Post printed a list of the words and phrases that seem to be censored by Google. cn, reporting that these words are the result of Google’s research into what they needed to censor in order to fall under Chinese legal guidelines (see Appendix I). In addition to Google. cn, Google has kept Google. com available to users in China, despite its limited ease of use. Google describes Google. cn as â€Å"an additional service, not a replacement for Google. com in China. The Chineselanguage Google. com will remain open, un? ltered and available to all Internet users worldwide†. 1 To account for user privacy concerns and to avoid having to co-operate with Chinese government investigations of dissidents, as Yahoo! and Microsoft have done, Google chose to refrain from offering products such as Gmail and Blogger (its e-mail and blog services) for Google. cn’s initial release. Amid questions of whether Google would pressure the Chinese government to end its policy of censoring, Google CEO Eric Schmidt said, â€Å"I think it’s arrogant for us to walk into a country where we are just beginning operations and tell that country how to run itself. 42 Clearly, as of early 2006 Google had no plans to shake up the Chinese censorship system beyond making Google. cn censoring transparent to users. Google’s hiring of the extremely accomplished and well-known Kai-Fu Lee to head up Google. cn demonstrates the company’s hope for Google’s presence in the region. Having worked in high positions at Apple and Microsoft and having written a guide for Chinese university students about how to succeed in American business, Lee packs university auditoriums in China wherever he goes to speak. 43 In terms of Google. n’s future, Schmidt expects China to eventually become one of Google’s most important markets, though it only accounts for a small piece of Google’s overall revenue today. In addition, he expects Google’s China research centers to be major sources of innovation for Google, particularly due to the rich talent pool of software engineers coming from Chinese universities. 44 Fallout from Google’s Launching Google. cn Shortly after launching Google. cn in January 2006, Google was called in front of the U. S. House of Representative’s Committee on International Relations, along with fellow U.S. companies Microsoft, Yahoo! , and Cisco Systems, to testify before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Paci? c, and the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations regarding business operations in China. 45 During the human rights hearing, James A. Leach, an Iowa Republican, asked Google Vice President Elliot Schrage to explain exactly how Google. cn self-censored. Schrage outlined how Google. cn studied competitors’ ? ltering 41 42 43 44 45 Schrage, E. , Vice President, Global Communications and Public Affairs, Google Inc. â€Å"Testimony of Google Inc. before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Paci? c, and the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations. † (February 15, 2006). Bold text included by Mr. Schrage. Yardley, Jim. â€Å"Google Chief Rejects Putting Pressure on China†. The New York Times. (April 13, 2006) Thompson, C. â€Å"Google’s China Problem (And China’s Google Problem)†. The New York Times Magazine. (April 23, 2006). Thompson, C. â€Å"Google’s China Problem (And China’s Google Problem)†. The New York Times Magazine. (April 23, 2006). Zeller, T. Web Firms Questioned on Dealings in China. † The New York Times. (Feb. 16, 2006). Case Studies in Ethics 9 dukeethics. org methods along with the Chinese government’s method to come up with its own self-censoring system. Leach replied, â€Å"So if this Congress wanted to learn how to censor, we’d go to you – the company that should symbolize the greatest freedom of information in the history of man? †46 Due to this hearing and others – and particularly in light of Yahoo! China and Microsoft MSN’s collusion with the Chinese government, which put three Chinese yberdissidents in jail in Yahoo! ’s case and which shut down a popular political bloggers MSN blog space in Microsoft’s case – in October 2007 the House Foreign Affairs Committee unanimously voted in favor of the Global Online Freedom Act of 2007, which prohibits U. S. companies from disclosing to foreign governments the names and information of speci? c individuals using a given company’s services. 47 The Committee has urged Congress to act with alacrity and pass the Act as s oon as possible. In addition to the U. S. government, Google had to explain its actions to its shareholders.In May 2007, a majority of Google shareholders voted against an anti-censorship proposal which was submitted by the Of? ce of the Comptroller of New York City on behalf of various New York City pension funds which own Google stock (see Appendix II for the full proposal). Google as a company, along with Google’s Board of Directors, recommended stockholders to vote against the proposal. In the words of David Drummond, Senior Vice President for Corporate Development, â€Å"Pulling out of China, shutting down Google. cn, is just not the right thing to do at this point, but that’s exactly what this proposal would do. 48 Google in China Two Years Later In the two years following the launch of Google. cn in January 2006, Google has done well in the Chinese market, remaining second only to Baidu. com in terms of market share. As of the second quarter of 2007, Google had increased its share from 19. 2% to 22. 8% and Baidu. com had fallen from a 63. 7% to a 58. 1% share. 49 In order to penetrate the China search market further, Google aims to make Google. cn as â€Å"Chinese† as possible, both by hiring Chinese employees and by partnering with Chinese technology ? rms.According to CEO Eric Schmidt, one of Google’s â€Å"big projects† during the year 2007 is to grant greater autonomy to Google’s local management in China. Google has tried to distinguish Google. cn as distinctly Chinese by adopting the local Chinese name of â€Å"Guge,† which roughly translates to â€Å"harvest song,† though this name choice has been widely mocked by Chinese users. Overall, Schmidt says, â€Å"As [Google] China gets more established, it will have its own voice, its own expression and, I think, its own look. †50 Already Google has established two research centers, one in Beijing and one in Shanghai. 1 Since launching Google. cn, the company has set up key partnerships with Chinese ? rms that should help Google increase its Chinese market share. In early 2007, Google. cn set up a partnership with China Mobile, the government-owned dominant mobile-phone carrier in China, to manage the ? rm’s mobile Internet search services. 52 Also in early 2007, Google. cn partnered with the Chinese music and video sharing YouTube-like site Xunlei. com. 53 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Ibid PEN American Center. â€Å"House Foreign Affairs Committee Unanimously Passes Global Online Freedom Act. † (October 23, 2007).Larkin, E. â€Å"Google Shareholders Vote Against Anti-Censorship Proposal†. PC World. (May 10, 2007). Litterick, D. â€Å"Google takes a byte out of the Chinese market†. The Daily Telegraph (London). (August 21, 2007). Dickie, M. â€Å"Google feels upbeat about China market†. Financial Times (London, England). (April 30, 2007) â€Å"Google Adds Local Partner. † Chinadaily. com. en. (August 21, 2007). Poon, T. â€Å"Google to Open Research Center in Shanghai†. The Wall Street Journal. (June 15, 2007). Barboza, D. â€Å"Google Makes Another Investment in the Internet in China†. The New York Times. (January 6, 2007).Barboza, D. â€Å"Google Makes Another Investment in the Internet in China†. The New York Times. (January 6, 2007). Case Studies in Ethics 10 dukeethics. org In April 2007, Google announced a deal with China Telecom, the world’s largest wireless telecommunications and broadband services provider. 54 Finally, in August 2007 Google. cn entered into a partnership with Tianya. com, a Chinese online community. 55 Overall, while Google. cn remains far behind Baidu. com, the company is optimistic. In the words of Schmidt, â€Å"We were late entering the Chinese market and we are catching up.Our investment is working and we will eventually be the leader. †56 54 55 56 Liu, John. â€Å"Google and China Telecom agree on Internet ad sales deal; Business Asia by Bloomberg†. The International Herald Tribune. (April 26, 2007). China Telecom Corporation Limited. http://www. chinatelecom-h. com/eng/corpinfo/overview. htm Accessed Nov. 2007. â€Å"Google Adds Local Partner. † Chinadaily. com. en. (Aug. 21, 2007). Dickie, M. â€Å"Google feels upbeat about China market†. Financial Times (London, England). (April 30, 2007) Case Studies in Ethics 11 dukeethics. org Appendix I: Blacklisted Words57 This is not an of? ial list. It was released by The Washington Post as a list of the words that Google censors on its google. cn site. Names of People Bao Tong Chen Yonglin Cui Yingjie Ding Jiaban Du Zhaoyong Gao Jingyun Gao Zhisheng He Jiadong He Weifang Hu Xingdou Hu Yuehua Hua Guofeng Huang Jingao Jiang Mianheng Jiang Yanyong Jiang Zemin Jiao Guobiao Jin Zhong Li Zhiying Liang Yuncai Liu Jianfeng Liu Junning Liu Xiabobo Nie Shubin Nie Shubin (repeated) Sun Dawu Wang Binyu Wang Lixiong Xu Zhiyong Yang Bin Yang Dongping Yu Jie Zhang Weiying Zhang Xingshu Zhang Zuhua Zhao Yan Zhou Qing Zhu Chenghu Zhu Wenhu 57From The Washington Post, February 18, 2006. Obscenities withheld. Case Studies in Ethics 12 dukeethics. org Zi Yang (in English) Ziyang (in Chinese) Ziyang (in English) zzy (in English, abbreviation for Zhao Ziyang) Chinese Politics 17th party congress Babaoshan Beat the Central Propaganda Department Blast the Central Propaganda Department Block the road and demand back pay Chief of the Finance Bureau Children of high of? cials China liberal (in English) Chinese Communist high of? ials Denounce the C entral Propaganda Department Down with the Central Propaganda Department Impeach Lin Zhao Memorial Award Patriots Alliance Patriots Alliance (abbreviated) Patriots Alliance Web Police chase after and kill police Pollution lawsuit Procedures for dismissing an of? cial Red Terror Set ? res to force people to relocate Sons of high of? cials The Central Propaganda Department is the AIDS of Chinese society Villagers ? ht with weapons Wang Anshi’s reform and the fall of the Northern Song dynasty Speci? c Issues and Events Buy corpses Cadres transferred from the military Cash? esta Cat abuse Changxin Coal Mountain China Youth Daily staff evaluation system Chinese orphanage Chinese Yangshen Yizhi Gong Demobilized soldiers transferred to other industries Dongyang Dongzhou Fetus soup Foot and mouth disease Case Studies in Ethics 13 dukeethics. orgFuzhou pig case Gaoxin Hospital High-speed train petition Hire a killer to murder one’s wife Honghai Bay Horseracing Jinxin Pharmaceut ical Kelemayi Linyi family planning Market access system Mascot Military wages No Friendlies Prosecutor committed suicide Pubu Ravine Shanwei government Suicide of deputy mayor Suicide of Kuerle mayor Swiss University of Finance Taishi village Top ten worst cities Wanzhou Weitan Zhang Chunxian welcomes upervision against corruption Falun Gong Terms related to the banned Falun Gong spiritual movement, including phrases from its â€Å"Nine Commentaries† manifesto against the Communist Party: Chinese Communist Party brutally kills people dajiyuan (in English) Defy the heavens, earth and nature. Mao Zedong Epoch Times Epoch Times (written with a different character) Epoch Times news Web site Evaluate the Chinese Communist Party Evaluate the Chinese Communist Party (abbreviated) falundafa (in English) ? (in English) Fozhan Qianshou Fa Guantong Liangji Fa In the Chinese Communist Party, common standards of humanity don’t exist Li Hongzhi lihongzhi (in English) Master Li ming hui (in English) Mother and daughter accused each other, and students and teachers became enemies New Tynasty TV Station Case Studies in Ethics 14 dukeethics. org Nine Commentaries No. evil cult in the world Obedient citizens under its brutal rule People become brutal in violence, Chinese Communist Party People developed a concept of the Chinese Communist Party, but People who could escape have escaped, and had people to seek refuge with Quit the party Run the opposite direction of the so-called ideals of Communism Shenzhou Jiachifa Spring Festival Gala of the World’s Chinese Steal people’s painstaking work Truth, Compassion, Tolerance Zhenshanren (in English) Overseas Web Sites, Publications and Dissident Groups Century China Foundation China Issues Forum China Renaissance Forum China Society Forum China Spring Chinese Current Affairs Chinese World Forum EastSouthWestNorth Forum EastWestSouthNorth Forum Forum of Wind, Rain and the Divine Land Freedom and Democracy Forum Freedom to Write Award Great China Forum Han Style Huatong Current Affairs Forum Huaxia Digest Huayue Current Affairs Forum Independent Chinese PEN Center J imaoxin Collection Justice Party Forum New Birth Web New Observer Forum North American Freedom Forum reminbao (In English) remingbao (In English) Small Reference Spring and Summer Forum Voice of the People Forum Worldwide Reader Forum You Say I Say Forum Zhengming Forum Case Studies in Ethics 15 dukeethics. org Zhidian Jiangshan Forum Zhongshan Wind and Rain Forum Taiwan Establish Taiwan Country Movement Organization Great President Chen Shui-bian Independent League of Taiwan Youth Independent Taiwan Association New Party Taiwan Freedom League Taiwan Political Discussion Zone Ethnic Minorities East Turkestan East Turkestan (abbreviated) Han-Hui con? cts Henan Zhongmu Hui rebellion Hui village Langcheng Gang Nancheng Gang Nanren Village Tibet independence Xinjiang independence Zhongmu County Tiananmen Square Memoirs of June 4 participants Redress June 4 Tiananmen videotape Tiananmen incident Tiananmen massacre Tiananmen generation World Economic Herald Censorship Cleaning and rectify ing Web sites China’s true content Internet commentator News blockade Case Studies in Ethics 16 dukeethics. org International Indonesia North Korea falls out with China Paris riots Tsunami Other Armageddon Bomb Bug Handmade pistol Nuclear bomb Wiretap Chinese People Tell the Truth Chinese People Justice and Evil China Social Progressive Party Chinese Truth Report Dazhong Zhenren Zhenshi Jingdongriji Night talk of the Forbidden City People’s Inside Information and Truth Case Studies in Ethics 17 dukeethics. org Appendix II: Proposal Number 558 Stockholder Proposal The Of? e of the Comptroller of New York City has advised us that it intends to submit the proposal set forth below for consideration at our annual meeting. It is the custodian and trustee of the New York City Employees’ Retirement System, the New York City Teachers’ Retirement System, the New York City Police Pension Fund, and the New York City Fire Department Pension Fund, and custodian of the New York City Board of Education Retirement System (the â€Å"Funds†), which bene? cially own 486,617 shares of Google’s Class A common stock. The proposal, along with the Funds’ supporting statement, is included verbatim below. The Funds’ request was submitted by Patrick Doherty, The City of New York Of? ce of the Comptroller, 1 Centre Street, New York, New York, 1007-2341.The Funds’ Stockholder Proposal Internet Censorship Whereas, freedom of speech and freedom of the press are fundamental human rights, and free use of the Internet is protected in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which guarantees freedom to â€Å"receive and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers†, and Whereas, the rapid provision of full and uncensored information through the Internet has become a major industry in the United States, and one of its major exports, and Whereas, political censorship of the Internet degrades the quality of that service and ultimately threatens the integrity and viability of the industry itself, both in the United States and abroad, and Whereas, some authoritarian foreign governments such as the Governments of Belarus, Burma, China, Cuba, Egypt, Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam block, restrict, and monitor the information their citizens attempt to obtain, and Whereas, technology companies in the United States such as Google, that operate in countries controlled by authoritarian governments have an obligation to comply with the principles of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, and Whereas, technology companies in the United States have failed to develop adequate standards by which they can conduct business with authoritarian governments while protecting human rights to freedom of speech and freedom of expression, Therefore, be it resolved, that shareholders request that management institute policies to help protect freedom of access to the Internet which would include the following minimum standards: 1) Data that can identify individual users should not be hosted in Internet restricting countries, where political speech can be treated as a crime b y the legal system. 2) The company will not engage in pro-active censorship. 58 http://investor. google. com/pdf/2007_notice_n_proxy_statement. pdf. Pgs 30-31. Case Studies in Ethics 18 dukeethics. org 3) The company will use all legal means to resist demands for censorship.The company will only comply with such demands if required to do so through legally binding procedures. 4) Users will be clearly informed when the company has acceded to legally binding government requests to ? lter or otherwise censor content that the user is trying to access. 5) Users should be informed about the company’s data retention practices, and the ways in which their data is shared with third parties. 6) The company will document all cases where legally-binding censorship requests have been complied with, and that information will be publicly available. Required Vote Approval of the stockholder proposal requires the af? rmative â€Å"FOR† vote of a majority of the votes cast on the proposal.Unless marked to the contrary, proxies received will be voted â€Å"AGAINST† the stockholder proposal. Recommendation Our board of directors recommends a vote AGAINST the stockholder proposal. Case Studies in Ethics 19 dukeethics. org Appendix III: ChaCha and JingJing59 Cyber Police to Guard all Shenzhen Websites Shenzhen police plan to equip all Shenzhen Websites and electronic bulletin board systems with two virtual policemen icons on the main pages to maintain order in cyber space. People may click the two cartoon policemen to enter the cyber space (http://66110. qzone. qq. com, http://777110. qzone. qq. com ) of two virtual cops and ask questions about information safety. Real policemen will answer their questions immediately.Internet users may also learn information about the Internet laws and regulations and some typical Internet criminal cases from these two virtual policemen. â€Å"The two dummy policemen were made to remind Netizens the Internet is protected by the law. People should pay attention to their behavior when they are sur? ng on the Net,† a senior of? cial of the Shenzhen cyber police told China Youth Daily. 59 â€Å"Cyber Police to Guard All Shenzhen Websites†. Shanghai Daily. (January 5, 2006). Available from http://www. china. org. cn/english/government/154200. htm. Retrieved on November 6, 2007. Case Studies in Ethics 20 dukeethics. org Study Questions 1. Which factors best explain why Google was so successful in the ? rst place?Were any of these conditions for success put in jeopardy by the decision to launch Google. cn? 2. Was Google right to have entered the Chinese market the way it did? Did Google’s mission compel it to create Google. cn? What speci? c aspects of the mission does Google address in making its decision to enter? What other reasons could there have been for entering China? How do Google’s conclusions ? t with its motto, â€Å"Don’t be Evil†? 3. Where is the success of the Chinese censorship system? In other words, what makes their censorship system work so well? Where does Google ? t in to this system? Has Google worked to improve the situation? What more could it do? Case Studies in Ethics 21 dukeethics. org How to cite Business Ethics of Google in China, Papers

Police Discretion and Corruption free essay sample

The Fine Line between Police Discretion and Corruption Abstract In todays law enforcement agencies there Is a fine line between discretion and corruption. Imagine that you are a police officer, you pull over a car that you suspect is driven by someone who has had too much to drink. Upon reaching the window you find that its an old friend from school. Do you take him to jail or do you take him home? Police officers have the power to make this decision.In the world of the officer this could be a case of discretion but in the eye of the public it would most likely it loud be considered corruption. Police corruption Is a major problem for our society. It has been a growing problem since the days of Prohibition. One major concern Is how to separate corruption and discretion. Studies have been taken and the results show that officers have different opinions on what corruption Is and how It should be dealt with. We will write a custom essay sample on Police Discretion and Corruption or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Clocker, 2005, p. 02) The surveys were conducted on different departments; in turn different agencies have deferent cultures of integrity so the surveys accuracy could be questioned (p. 102). With the information from the studies we only know that officers have different opinions on what is corruption and what is discretion. The combination of power, authority, and discretion in police work produces great potential for abuse. Police corruption is a complex problem, which has no solution. It is a problem that has and will continue to affect us all, whether we are civilians or law enforcement officers.Police corruption has Increased dramatically with the Illegal cocaine trade, and the officer acting alone or In-groups to steal money from dealer ND/or distribute cocaine themselves. Large groups of corrupt police officers have been caught in New York, New Orleans, Washington, DC, and Los Angels. Corruption within police departments falls into two basic categories: internal corruption, involving relationships among the police within the works of the police department and external corruption, which involves police contact with the public.There are many different forms of corruption; gratuity, involving free meals, free dry cleaning and discounts; bribery, involving the exchange of money or something of value teen the police and wrong doer (this is very common among narcotics officers); theft and Burglary, involving officers stealing property, money and/or drugs from the department; and stealing from people under the influence, who essentially become victims of the police. A new form of police corruption developed in the early sasss and Into the sasss, which Include brutality, delimitation, sexual harassment, corrupt officers start off as honest and idealistic. The career of corruptions begins violation of the laws, involving larger amounts of money and officers initiating corrupt acts. It can be said that power inevitably tends to corrupt, and it is yet to be recognized that, while there is no reason to presume that police officers as individuals are any less fallible than other members of society, people are often shocked and outraged when officers are exposed violating the law. The danger of police corruption could invert the formal goals of the organization and may lead to the use of organizational power to encourage and create crime rather than to deter it.There have been many attempts to put an end to police corruption, with no real success. An attempt to eliminate corruption, by increasing salaries, more training, incentive for education, and t he development of policies that focus directly on factors leading to corruption. Despite many efforts by the police departments to control corruption, it still exists. Police corruption has a very long standing history. Controlling corruption has to come from both the police department and the assistance and support of local community members.Community members should be educated about the negative effects of corruption within the police agency and hat gratuities (most common form of police corruption), is Just the means for future corruption. They should be aware of regulations. Controlling corruption from the departmental level requires an organization with strong leadership. Corruption can take place at any level in the police department, from the patrol officer, to the chief of police. Controlling corruption begins with the chief of police and his attitude. The chief has to make it clear that corruption will not be tolerated. Establishing rules and regulations within the department to insure that all officers conform to certain behavior will help. A proactive integrity test should be in place. All police candidates should be pre-screened (background checks, drug test, alcohol testing), which will help to weed out the bad candidates from future police officer positions. The fight against corruption will be a long battle as the problems of yesterday, still remain today, with little to no improvement.Discretion is defined as the opportunity for law enforcement officers to exercise choice in their daily activities. In most cases this is where corruption starts. An officer sakes a free cup of coffee; next hes taking bribes for simple tickets. Although most of the time it doesnt reach the high level of corruption it does happen. Discretion in law enforcement has always been a hot topic with the police and the community. The community thinks that the police do not use enough discretion and the police think they use too much discretion.In my opinion I believe that the police should be able to use discretion when they can as long as it doesnt cross that fine line into corruption. The police make very hard decisions on a daily basis and you do to want an officer to rush into a decision where he either has to shoot, or has to talk you down. Discretion is a very important tool used by law enforcement. Police discretion designates power or freedom to Judge and decide what needs to be done in a certain situation.When the police get involved in a situation the first thing he does is figure out whether or not the situation should be criminality or if it Just involves some intervention by the police. For instance, if the police arrive at a bar they should arrest the person, or cut them a brake and let them go with a warning. The police may arrive on a scene to assist a woman giving birth; the officer must use discretion and make a quick decision. He may first call an ambulance or he may have to escort her in his car to get there quicker.Police officers have to use discretion on a daily basis. There will never be a way for the police to have a manual on every situation that may occur and what the officer should do in that situation. This is where discretion comes into play for officers, there are Just way too many out of the ordinary situations out there for police officers not to use discretion. Police officers are trained very well but the one thing they cannot teach is when and where to use discretion.Although there are only a small number of corrupt police officers it still has a negative effect on society. Citizens feel that because of the corruption that they cant trust all police officers. In some instances people would rather deal with problems themselves rather than calling on police officers that they feel they cannot trust. Police officers need to ban together and police themselves and get rid of corruption so that citizens can trust whoever shows up in the time of need.

University of Phoenix Material Essays (569 words) - Free Essays

University of Phoenix Material Essays (569 words) - Free Essays University of Phoenix Material Questionnaire Complete the questionnaire form by creating 10 questions you think will determine the competencies of caseworkers applying for a position with your family counseling practice. Address the following in your questions: The caseworker's method for handling ethical issues. The caseworker's plan for staying current in his or her area of expertise and for receiving continuing education. The caseworker's procedure for maintaining accurate and complete client records. Write the final question so it involves a scenario that requires the caseworker to determine whether to abide by the duty to warn or the duty to protect. Complete the questionnaire as if you were one of the caseworkers applying for the position. |Question |Your answer | |What previous experience do you |I have a love for helping children | |have? |and have been working in a child | | |care facility for a while now. I | | |work with children every day and | | |look forward to helping those in | | |need. | |If you saw a coworker that had done |The first thing that I would do is | |something unethical what would you |to talk with the coworker about it. | |do? |Then if needed I would go through | | |the proper channels to the ones | | |above us. | |What is your plan on staying current|I would find the most recent things | |within your area of expertise? |that are new to counseling and make | | |sure that I took them. | |How do you feel about taking some |I would be happy to keep up on my | |classes to keep you updated on your |education so that I was able to | |education? |better assist my clients. | |Can you tell me something that is |Having multiple relationships with a| |unethical for a counselor? |client that is not, in a | | |professional manner. | |If you found out that your client |I would explain to the client that, | |had another issue that you were not |it is not in my expertise but I | |aware of, and it was not in your |could help refer them to someone who| |expertise how would you handle it? |does. | |If you found out that a client had |I would first talk with my | |broken the law in the manner of |supervisor, about it and then make | |sexual or physical abuse, how would |sure that I took the proper steps to| |you handle it? |tell the authorities and then follow| | |up on it. | |What is your plan to make sure you |The first thing that I would do is | |have accurate and complete records? |to take notes on the client and make| | |sure that I kept them separated, | | |from each other by labeling them | | |with their names and dates that I | | |see them. | |Can you think of another way to keep|Another way that I would be able to | |your records accurate and complete? |do this, would be to put them in a | | |computer and make sure that I | | |labeled them the same way. | |If a client came to you and said |Yes, I would have to abide by the | |that they were wanting to hurt |duty to warn and the duty to | |themselves, and or someone else. And|protect. Because in this case you | |they have talked about it for a |cannot overlook this. If they were | |couple sessions would you abide by |willing to tell you then you should | |the duty to warn or protect? |abide by it and break that | | |confidence and tell someone. |

Three Different Elements of a Crime

Three Different Elements of a Crime In the United States, there are specific elements of a crime that the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt in order to obtain a conviction. The  three specific elements (with exception) that define a crime which the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt in order to obtain a conviction: (1) that a crime has actually occurred  (actus reus), (2) that the accused intended the crime to happen (mens rea)  and (3) and concurrence of the two meaning there is a timely relationship between the first two factors. Example of the Three Elements in Context Jeff is upset with his ex-girlfriend, Mary, for ending their relationship. He goes to look for her and spots her having dinner with another man named Bill. He decides to get even with Mary by setting her apartment on fire. Jeff goes to Marys apartment and lets himself in, using a key that Mary has asked for him to give back on several occasions. He then places several newspapers on the kitchen floor and sets them on fire. Just as he is leaving, Mary and Bill enter the apartment. Jeff runs off and Mary and Bill are able to quickly put out the fire. The fire did not cause any real damage, however Jeff is arrested and charged with attempted arson. The prosecution must prove that a crime occurred, that Jeff intended for the crime to occur, and concurrence for attempted arson. Understanding Actus Reus Criminal act, or actus reus, is generally defined as a criminal act that was the result of voluntary bodily movement. A criminal act can also occur when a defendant fails to act (also known as omission). A criminal act must occur because people cannot be legally punished because of their thoughts or intentions. Also, referencing the Eighth Amendment Ban on Cruel and Unusual Punishment, crimes cannot be defined by status.   Examples of involuntary acts, as described by the Model Penal Code, include: A reflex or convulsion;A bodily movement during unconsciousness or sleep;Conduct during hypnosis or resulting from hypnotic suggestion;A bodily movement that otherwise is not a product of the effort or determination of the actor, either conscious or habitual.   Example of an Involuntary Act Jules Lowe of Manchester, England, was arrested and charged with the murder of his 83-year-old father Edward Lowe was brutally beaten and found dead in his driveway. During the trial, Lowe admitted to killing his father, but because he suffered from sleepwalking (also known as automatism), he did not remember committing the act.   Lowe, who shared a house with his father, had a history of sleepwalking, had never been known to show any violence towards his father and had an excellent relationship with his father. Defense lawyers also had Lowe tested by sleep experts who provided testimony at his trial that, based on the tests, Lowe suffered from sleepwalking. The defense concluded that the murder of his father was a result of insane automatism, and that he could no be held legally responsible for the murder. The jury agreed and Lowe was sent to a psychiatric hospital where he was treated for 10 months and then released. Example of a Voluntary Act Resulting in a Non-Voluntary Act Melinda decided to celebrate after receiving a promotion at work. She went to her friends house where she spent several hours drinking wine and smoking synthetic marijuana. When it is time to go home, Melinda, despite protests from friends, decided she was okay to drive herself home. During the drive home she passed out at the wheel. While passed out, her car collided with an oncoming car, resulting in the death of the driver.   Melinda voluntarily drank, smoked the synthetic marijuana, and then decided to drive her car. The collision that resulted in the death of the other driver occurred when Melinda was passed out, but she was passed out due to decisions she voluntarily made before passing out and would therefore be found culpable for the death of the person driving the car she collided with while passed out. Omission Omission is another form of actus reus and is the act of failing to take action that would have prevented injury to another person. Criminal negligence is also a form of actus reus.   An omission could be failing to warn others that they could be in danger because of something that you did, failure to a person left in your care, or not failure to complete your work properly which resulted in an accident.   (Source: U.S.Courts - District of Idaho)

Skin problems related to makeup Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Skin problems related to makeup - Essay Example Firstly, with regards to the use of makeup and the clogging of pores, this has an unhealthy affect for a number of reasons. First, due to the fact that the pores of the skin are the means whereby the skin is able to be moisturized and â€Å"breath†, clogging the pores has a negative affect not only on the health of the skin but on the aging process (Streamlining Beauty 88). Without being able to deliver the necessary moisture and oils to the surface, the aging process takes place at a faster rate as the skin loses its ability to be elastic and stretch. In such a way, even though the application of makeup is intended to make the skin more beautiful, as can be seen from the preceding discussion, it can actually have a diminishing return over time. As a means of understanding these determinants, ti is the hope of this author that the reader will be able to integrate a further and more complete understanding of makeup and its effects on skin health. ... The final health impact that makeup can have is related to allergic reactions on the part of the user. Although there is no way that any product can be made allergen free, by very nature of the diverse allergies that are exhibited by individuals, the fact of the matter is that many individuals are allergic to many of the thickening agents or minerals that are found within the common forms of makeup that are on the market today (Levy & Emer 175). Moreover, depending on the quality of the product, there are certain degrees of impurities that can be found within these products to a varying degree. As a function of this, the levels of pure ingredients that are interacting with the skin of an individual’s face are oftentimes unknown (Gray & Boothroyd 66). Due to the fragility and tender level of the skin that is exhibited on the face, as well as the fact that there are at least 7 orifices in the immediate vicinity, this is an especially worrisome point. As a function of these parti cular issues, the reader can understand that many of the negative skin health issues related to makeup are concentric around the overall cleanliness of the skin and/or the ability and desire of the individual user to ensure that they remove all makeup each and every night prior to going to bed. If this is engaged, the level and extent to which the pores will be clogged and the acne levels will increase will be reduced precipitously. However, with regards to the final issue that has been raised, the allergic reactions that many users experience when using makeup, this is not something that can be prevented or reduced. Ultimately, such a skin health issue is entirely dependent upon the environmental factors that determined the individuals

Cold war and Aid to africa during cold war Essay

Cold war and Aid to africa during cold war - Essay Example The group was divided into two that is those who wanted a military action of invasion to take place and those who advocated for a diplomatic action of eradicating the missiles. After eight days the US president organized a blockade of Cuba and all the military forces in the US were prepared to launch the blockade according to Bostdorff (63). This led to a more tension between the US and the Soviet Union thus intensifying the cold war. Flights of reconnaissance continued to take spy over Cuba and the same time the two nations that is US and the Soviet Union continued to exchange warnings. Finally the Soviet Union President Khrushchev declared the countries withdraw of the missiles from Cuba according to D'Anieri (54). As a result the United States also withdrew its missiles from Turkey which threatened the Soviet Union. After the Cuban Missiles crisis a hotline was installed between the two nations so as to resolve such treats in the future. Kennedy’s Assessment of Handling the Crisis and the Various Kinds of Advice Given Kennedy’s later assessment of the Cuban crisis was that if he has decided to follow the advice of the military force on the issue the US would have failed in handling the Cuban Missile crisis leading to the painful crisis ever. During the various white houses meeting Kennedy held with his advisers, he received various options regarding the solution to the crisis. Kennedy chose his advisers from various areas in order to gain a wide range of proposals according to Siracusa (67). On the first day of the first meeting, everyone in the meeting advocated for bombing of Cuba. However Kennedy and others favored a surgical attack which they considered equal to the scale of attack from the Soviet Union. By the third day of the crisis an advice came from the Secretary General of states who suggested a US surprise attack to Cuba. The Executive Committee (ExComm) itself had six solutions which it advised the president on concerning the Cuban missiles one of them was taking no action which would put the country in danger and make the president look weak. The second was appealing for help from the United Nations but could not work since the then UN chairman of its security councils was from the Soviet Union. The third option was a secret approach to Castro, however this could not work since the weapons were possessed by Soviet Union not Castro. Their other possible advice was an attack on Cuba through this would lead to nuclear war according to Bostdorff (54). The fifth advice was to undertake a surgical air strike which would eliminate all missile sites. However this would have led to third world War, therefore the most favored advice of the ExComm was the blockade which was aggressive enough and gave Khrushchev a second thought on the crisis. Aid to Africa during and After the Cold War During the cold War Donors geographical political objectives weakened the worthiness of threats to determine distribution of aid based o n the adoption of the democratic modifications. Particularly during this period, aid to African countries was mostly allocated based on political allegiance as opposed to performance as suggested by Segell (206). As a result this caused abuse and other cases absolute theft of world wide assistance by the fraudulent government official. Strategic alliance was the major driving force in development assistance since the security imperatives controlled the